The Study of Pluripotent Stem Cells 多能幹細胞的研究
It's Mature. It's also the Future. 它很成熟。這也是未來。
PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS (PS CELLS) 多能幹細胞（PS細胞）
Prevalent for their immense ability of self-renewal the Pluripotent Stem Cells (PS cells) have the potential to give rise to mature cells in a special tissue with their ability to differentiate. Hence, they are known to be pluripotent cells. Apart from the Embryonic Stem Cells (ES cells), adult cells reprogrammed into induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) also hold similar characteristics.
多能幹細胞（PS細胞）具有巨大的自我更新能力，因此有可能在特殊組織中產生成熟細胞並具有分化能力。因此，已知它們是多能細胞。除了胚胎幹細胞（ES細胞）之外，重編程為誘導多能細胞（iPSC）的成體細胞也具有相似的特徵。
As Pluripotent Stem Cells are rarely found in the tissues, their identification and purification must be carefully done before being studied.
由於多能幹細胞很少在組織中發現，因此在研究之前必須仔細進行鑑定和純化。
The Bridge between the Bench and Bedside. 長凳和床邊之間的橋樑。
Pluripotent Stem Cells play a crucial role in basic research, therapeutics application, regenerative medicine and clinical application. Although practicality of moving from bench side to bed side involves challenging steps, scientists and doctors around the globe are definitely pushing it forwards through their cutting edge research for understanding of the molecular mechanism of stem cell functioning, progress of medical solutions and betterment of human health.
多能幹細胞在基礎研究，治療應用，再生醫學和臨床應用中發揮著至關重要的作用。雖然從實驗室到床邊的實用性涉及挑戰性的步驟，但全球的科學家和醫生肯定會通過他們的前沿研究推動其向前發展，以了解幹細胞功能的分子機制，醫療解決方案的進展和人類健康的改善。
The Mature Fight in a Calm Way. 成熟的戰鬥以平靜的方式。
Stem cells are isolated, identified, cultured, characterized and checked for their differentiation properties in basic research.
在基礎研究中分離，鑑定，培養，表徵和檢查幹細胞的分化特性。
To reach appropriate therapies, stem cells have to undergo preclinical studies, which primarily involves three steps. Firstly, cells of interest are subjected for the evaluation of infusion, homing and regenerative abilities in appropriate animal model. Secondly, mode of action lying under the treatment is studied. Thirdly, methods are developed for mass production and cells are stored for clinical trials. In the end, clinical trials are performed which evaluate safety, root of administration to patient and the efficacy of the treatment as per current good clinical practices (GCP) guidelines.
為了達到適當的治療方法，幹細胞必須進行臨床前研究，主要涉及三個步驟。首先，在適當的動物模型中對感興趣的細胞進行輸注，歸巢和再生能力的評估。其次，研究了處理中的作用方式。第三，開髮用於大規模生產的方法，並將細胞儲存用於臨床試驗。最後，根據目前的良好臨床實踐（GCP）指南，進行臨床試驗，評估安全性，對患者的給藥根和治療效果。
Despite the challenges mentioned above, stem cells continue to expand their territory in therapeutic and clinical applications. In this article, we summarize the progress of these applications of stem cells in last scientific year, 2016. When we consider these applications, ES cells and iPSCs mostly are the game changers.
儘管存在上述挑戰，但乾細胞在治療和臨床應用方面繼續擴大其領域。在本文中，我們總結了2016年最後一個科學年干細胞應用的進展。當我們考慮這些應用時，ES細胞和iPSC大多是遊戲改變者。
THERAPEUTIC AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 治療和臨床應用
The journey of iPSCs started from understanding Yamanaka-transcription factors that together changed mouse somatic cells in a way to have properties like embryonic stem cells called iPSCs. The advances in research of last decade in reprogramming somatic cells have brought iPSCs in light for their use in regenerative medicine, drug discovery, disease modelling and stem cell based therapy.
iPSC的旅程始於了解Yamanaka轉錄因子，這些因子共同改變了小鼠體細胞，從而具有像胚胎幹細胞一樣的特性，稱為iPSC。過去十年在重編程體細胞方面的研究進展使iPSC在再生醫學，藥物發現，疾病建模和基於乾細胞的治療中得以應用。
iPSC derived 'retinal pigment epithelial' RPE cells are being studied for its clinical application for the treatment of age-related degeneration (AMD) in which central vision is blurred creating difficulties in straight-headed activities.
iPSC衍生的'視網膜色素上皮'RPE細胞正在研究其治療年齡相關性變性（AMD）的臨床應用，其中中心視力模糊，在直頭活動中產生困難。
Natural Killer (NK) cells were proved to be significantly effective for treating ovarian cancer. In a recent study, natural killer cells isolated from peripheral blood and those derived from iPSCs were compared for tackling ovarian cancer in mouse xenograft model. These NK cells were introduced in mouse model via intraperitoneal injection. In the survival comparison, mice with iPSCs derived NK cells improvised the viability from 73th day to 97th day. Thus, potential of iPSCs of being able to differentiate into NK turns out to be innovative way of treatment in ovarian cancer. For evaluation of therapeutics products ESCs, 13 studies are in clinical trials in 2016.
自然殺傷（NK）細胞被證明對治療卵巢癌非常有效。在最近的一項研究中，比較了從外周血中分離的自然殺傷細胞和來自iPSC的自然殺傷細胞在小鼠異種移植模型中對卵巢癌的治療作用。通過腹膜內註射將這些NK細胞引入小鼠模型中。在存活比較中，具有iPSC衍生的NK細胞的小鼠從第73天到第97天即興發生了活力。因此，能夠分化成NK的iPSC的潛力證明是卵巢癌中的創新治療方法。為評估治療產品胚胎幹細胞，2013年有13項研究正在進行臨床試驗。
Luo J. and his group performed studies on stem-graft in myocardium of animal model. Reprogrammed stem cells were hypothesized to be best suitable for repairing myocardium that is chronically damaged. After going through 10 years of preclinical and translation studies Menashe P. and his group files the first clinical case report where for severe heart failure treatment, effective use Human ESC derived cardiac progenitor cells is elaborated.
羅杰和他的小組對動物模型心肌中的干細胞移植進行了研究。假設重編程幹細胞最適合於修復長期受損的心肌。經過10年的臨床前和翻譯研究，Menashe P.和他的小組提交了第一份臨床病例報告，其中針對嚴重心力衰竭治療，詳細闡述了有效使用人類ESC衍生的心臟祖細胞。
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) which are traditionally retrieved from bone marrow can now be obtained from peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood (CB). HSCs are under clinical trials majorly in the field of neurological disorders, including cerebral palsy, autism, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, stroke, and hearing loss.
傳統上從骨髓中回收的造血幹細胞（HSC）現在可以從外周血和臍帶血（CB）獲得。HSC主要在神經疾病領域進行臨床試驗，包括腦癱，自閉症，缺氧缺血性腦病，中風和聽力喪失。
Monogenic disorders (MGD) are disorders caused by single gene mutation and causing ill-effects on human health. There are no treatments available for MGD, however patient-derived stem cells can provide promising treatment for MGD. Simple and effective gene editing tools like RNA-CRISPR/Cas9 have corrected genes in MGD patients using specific iPS and adult stem cells. Shwank et. al. has found that stem cell with single gene corrected for the mutation, is able to proliferate and form organoids.
單基因疾病（MGD）是由單基因突變引起的疾病，對人類健康造成不良影響。沒有可用於MGD的治療方法，但是源自患者的干細胞可以為MGD提供有希望的治療。簡單有效的基因編輯工具如RNA-CRISPR / Cas9已經使用特異性iPS和成體幹細胞修正了MGD患者的基因。Shwank等。人。已發現具有單基因的干細胞經突變校正，能夠增殖並形成類器官。
Ending Challenges. Starting Creation. 結束挑戰。開始創作。
Before complete acceptance of stem cell based therapeutics and their clinical applications, critical evaluation of these methods comes into picture, as the stem cells of interest maintained in vitro bear chances of high karyotype abnormalities. Even these cells population can lose its heterozygosity posing serious threat to individual. To abolish such variations and alterations happening within the cell population, screening procedure needs to be followed strictly.
在完全接受基於乾細胞的治療劑及其臨床應用之前，對這些方法的關鍵評估進入了圖片，因為體外維持的感興趣的干細胞具有高核型異常的機會。即使這些細胞群體也會失去其雜合性，對個體構成嚴重威脅。為了消除細胞群內發生的這種變異和改變，需要嚴格遵循篩查程序。
HiMedia's role stepped into the market of stem cells and primary cells since last decade(2017) with the aim of providing high quality and pure cell lines of Indian genetic pool for Indian scientist at affordable rate and thus, helping scientists omitting their first step of isolation of cells in basic research.
自去年(2017)十年以來，HiMedia的角色進入了乾細胞和原代細胞市場，目的是以合理的價格為印度科學家提供印度遺傳庫的高質量和純細胞系，從而幫助科學家省去他們的第一步細胞分離基礎研究。
HiMedia has large number of media for different cells lines and also provide media in customized formats.
HiMedia 擁有適用於不同細胞系的大量培養基，並提供定制格式的培養基。