MICROBIOLOGY - AGAR 微生物學 - 瓊脂
FIRST IT MADE ITS PLACE IN MICROBIOLOGY |
首先它在微生物學中佔有一席之地。 |
THEN IT MADE ITS PLACE IN HISTORY |
然後它在歷史上佔有一席之地。 |
AGAR - THE HEART OF MICROBIOLOGY 瓊脂 - 微生物學的核心
Known to be at the center of most microbiology labs, the towering stacks of agar plates stand tall to welcome you into the charmed world of microbiology.
眾所周知，大多數微生物實驗室都處於高峰期，高聳的瓊脂平板堆得很高，歡迎您進入迷人的微生物學世界。
In here each plate is an island like home to a menagerie of microorganisms.
在這裡，每個板塊都是像微生物動物園一樣的島嶼。
Scientifically speaking Agar is a jelly-like substance derived from seaweed species of the group Gelidium, Gracilaria, Pterocladia etc., and It is perhaps microbiology's most important substance. For the longest time Agar has been used as a solid substrate to culture and isolate bacteria.
從科學角度講，瓊脂是一種果凍狀物質，來源於Gelidium，Gracilaria，Pterocladia等海藻物種，它可能是微生物學最重要的物質。在最長的時間內，瓊脂被用作培養和分離細菌的固體基質。
Besides that Agar is used in a wide range of foods making it an important commodity in the nutrition and food industry. But that's not all. Additionally agar can also be used as a laxative, an appetite suppressant, a vegetarian substitute for gelatin, a thickener for soups, a preservative in fruit preserves, ice cream, and other desserts, a clarifying agent in brewing, and for sizing paper and fabrics.
此外，瓊脂還可用於多種食品，使其成為營養和食品行業的重要商品。但這不是全部。此外，瓊脂還可用作瀉藥，食慾抑製劑，明膠的素食替代品，湯的增稠劑，水果蜜餞中的防腐劑，冰淇淋和其他甜點，釀造中的澄清劑，以及紙張和織物的上漿劑。
QUICK FACTS ABOUT AGAR 關於瓊脂的快速事實。
Composition: It is a complex mixture of polysaccharides composed of two major fractions -agarose, a neutral polymer, and agaropectin, a charged, sulfated polymer.
組成：它是由兩種主要組分組成的多醣的複雜混合物 - 瓊脂糖，中性聚合物和瓊脂膠，一種帶電的硫酸化聚合物。
Properties: It is insoluble in cold water, but it swells considerably, absorbing as much as twenty times its own weight of water. It dissolves readily in boiling water and sets to a firm gel at concentrations as low as 0.50%.
性質：它不溶於冷水，但膨脹很大，吸收的水量是自身重量的二十倍。它易溶於沸水中，凝固濃度低至0.50％。
Sources:Biological Source - 資料來源：生物來源 -
Gelidium species : Gelidium物種
Pterocladia species : Pterocladia物種
Family - Gelidiaceae, Rhodophyceae (red Algae). : 家庭 - Gelidiaceae，Rhodophyceae（紅藻）。
Geographical Source - Japan, Korea, South Africa, U.S.A., China, Indonesia, Australia and India.
地理來源 - 日本，韓國，南非，美國，中國，印度尼西亞，澳大利亞和印度。
THE JOURNEY 旅程
HE FORGOT. 他忘了。
AND THEN MADE AN UNFORGETTABLE DISCOVERY. 然後做了一個令人難忘的發現。
Agar was accidentally invented in Japan during the 17th century when a forgetful innkeeper left seaweed extract out in the cold. Since then Agar has been used for centuries as a thickener, and to make all manner of deliciously wobbly desserts.
17世紀，當一個健忘的旅店老闆在寒冷中留下海藻提取物時，意外地在日本發明了瓊脂。從那時起，瓊脂作為增稠劑已經使用了幾個世紀，並製作各種美味的搖搖欲墜的甜點。
The revolutionary use of Agar as solidifying agent was thought first by Angelina Fannie Hesse, wife of Walter Hesse, who joined Koch's laboratory to do studies on air qualities. The observation by Angelina as to why her jellies and puddings stayed solid even in the hot summer temperatures, made her to tell her husband about agar. She had learned about this heat resisting agent while growing up in New York from a Dutch neighbor who had emigrated from Java. Development of the new agent by Angelina led to a resounding success & today agar is the lifeline of any microbiological study. The best example of Science from Kitchen to Lab.
革命性使用瓊脂作為固化劑首先被Walter Hesse的妻子Angelina Fannie Hesse認為，他加入了Koch的實驗室，從事空氣質量研究。安吉麗娜觀察到為什麼即使在炎熱的夏季溫度下她的果凍和布丁也能保持穩定，這讓她告訴她的丈夫瓊脂。在紐約從一位從爪哇移民過來的荷蘭鄰居長大的過程中，她了解了這種抗熱劑。安吉麗娜開發新藥劑取得了巨大成功，而今天瓊脂是任何微生物研究的生命線。從廚房到實驗室的科學最好的例子。
In December 2015, Nature News reported that agar supplies have been affected by a global shortage of Gelidium seaweed. Because it grows on rocky sea beds and requires turbulent water for a steady supply of nutrients and oxygen, Gelidium cannot be farmed. Instead, it's harvested by divers, or collected when washed ashore by the tide.
2015年12月，“ 自然新聞”報導，由於全球Gelidium海藻短缺，瓊脂供應受到影響。因為它生長在岩石海床上，需要湍流的水來穩定供應養分和氧氣，所以不能養殖Gelidium。相反，它是由潛水員收穫的，或在潮水沖上岸時收集。
Dwindling seaweed populations and overharvesting have led Morocco, currently the world's largest Gelidium supplier, to restrict annual harvests and place quotas on foreign exports. As a result, wholesale agar prices have nearly tripled to US$ 35-45 per kilogram - an all-time high. Thermo Fisher Scientific and Millipore Sigma, two major suppliers of laboratory reagents, have already stopped selling some agar products.
海藻種群減少和過度捕撈導致摩洛哥（目前是世界上最大的Gelidium供應商）限制年度收成並對外國出口實行配額限制。因此，批發瓊脂價格幾乎翻了三倍，達到每公斤35-45美元 - 創歷史新高。Thermo Fisher Scientific和Millipore Sigma是兩家主要的實驗室試劑供應商，已經停止銷售一些瓊脂產品。
If the situation worsens, it's likely that many microbiology labs will have to scale back on experiments. And they might not be the only ones affected.
如果情況惡化，許多微生物實驗室可能不得不縮減實驗。他們可能不是唯一受影響的人。
The global agar market revenue is anticipated to expand at a CAGR of over 4.9% in terms of value and 2.6%, in terms of volume during the forecast period. The global agar market is currently witnessing major trends like the usage of agar in bakery industry.
預計全球瓊脂市場收入的價值複合年增長率將超過4.9％，而預測期間的銷量將以2.6％的速度增長。全球瓊脂市場目前正在見證像烘焙業中瓊脂的使用等主要趨勢。
A global shortage of certain seaweed is causing agar laboratory supplies to go on backorder. The shortage can be traced to newly enforced trade restrictions on the seaweed, arising from environmental concerns that the algae are being overharvested. It is unclear how deeply the dearth will hit researchers, but it has already pushed wholesale prices of agar.
某些海藻的全球短缺導致瓊脂實驗室供應延期。短缺可以追溯到海藻新近強制的貿易限制，這是由於藻類被過度捕撈的環境問題引起的。目前尚不清楚缺乏對研究人員的影響有多深，但它已經推高了瓊脂的批發價格。
HiMedia is looking out for cultivation of competitive species of sea-weeds and creating a long-term sustainable and high quality resource of agar.
HiMedia正在尋找有競爭力的海草種類的培育，並創造一個長期可持續和高品質的瓊脂資源。
The scientists at HiMedia are also in the quest to screen hydrocolloids that can act as economical substitutes for agar. This may reduce dependency on agar.
HiMedia的科學家們也在尋求篩選可以作為瓊脂的經濟替代品的水膠體。這可能會減少對瓊脂的依賴。
產品清單
Dehydrated Culture Media - Powder and Granulated Forms / HiEncap™, HiVeg™ and HiCynth™
脫水培養基 - 粉末和顆粒狀/HiEncap™，HiVeg™和HiCynth™
Ready Prepared Media - 準備好的培養基
Animal and Vegetable Hydrolysates - 動植物水解產物
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Systems - 抗菌藥物敏感系統
Culture Media Supplements and Bases - 培養基補充和基礎
Bacteriological Differentiation Aids - 細菌分化輔助
Range of Chromogenic Media - 顯色介質範圍
Lyophilised Microbial Strains - 凍乾的微生物菌株
Food Safety Diagnostic Kits - 食品安全診斷試劑盒